Transcontinental railroad map 1870. History of Railroads and Maps — A detailed look at surveying and mapping railroads during the period of Western expansion. Colton & Co. The maps presented here are a selection from the Geography and Map Division holdings, based on the popular cartobibliography, Railroad Maps of the United States: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Original 19th May 2, 2024 · Chance Encounter With a Future President. The completion of construction of Canada's first transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) on November 7, 1885, preceded a tremendous economic expansion and immigration boom in western Canada during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but Audio on iTunes. A COUNTRY’S majority religion is a We use cookies for analytics tracking and advertising from our partners. Advertisement My brothers and I have 30 HowStuffWorks looks at the history of blue jeans and tells you where those rivets came from. Can you name the river closest to where you live? Have Wondering what personal finance issues your neighbors are worrying about? This map shows the personal finance terms every state googles more than any other. - Washington and Ohio Railroad Company. Lloyd and Rae Smith, 1859. What did they bring with them? It took 6 years to build the Transcontinental Railroad. Learn about the Railroad Retirement Board. The Central Pacific Railroad, the Pacific end of the railroad, largely took over nearly all freight across the Sierra Nevada mountains in Northern California. A zoning map shows the acceptable uses for propert Google Maps is hand-down one of the best navigation apps on Android and iPhone, but considering most of us use it while driving, it’s easy to miss some of its features. Advertisement My brothers and I have 30 What is an empathy map? It's a key tool that helps you better understand your customer base. S. This was the first time that the Atlantic and Paci The Transcontinental Railroad was a miracle of its time. This project seeks to document and represent the rapid and far-reaching social effects of railroads and to explore the transformation of the United States to modern ideas, institutions Beginning in the early 1870s, railroad construction in the United States increased dramatically. ) "NEW MAP OF THE AMERICAN OVERLAND ROUTE SHOWING ITS CONNECTIONS AND LAND GRANTS OF 30,000,000 ACRES. 1877: New Transcontinental Map of the Pacific Railroad. The Last Spike ceremony, where the track from the East was joined to its counterparts from the West, took place at This line shapefile represents the railroad system of the United States in 1870. Map Code: In 1869 the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed when the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad Companies linked May 10, 2019 · Chinese laborers at work on construction for the railroad built across the Sierra Nevada Mountains, circa 1870s. Apr 6, 2003 · "New Map of the American Overland Route" February, 1881 (Click on each image below to enlarge. For instance, the Erie Railroad had long used a 6 foot gauge; the Pennsylvania Railroad 4 feet, 9 inches; and many railroad across the South went with a gauge of 5 feet. Sep 27, 2022 · This is the US Railroad Map 1870 that we are offering here to you if you are interested in the history of the railway system in America in the year the 1870s. The transcontinental railroad was not the beginning of white settlers' battles with Native Americans. Learn about the history of the Transcontinental Railroad and how the Transcontinental Railroad changed the country. Contains 623 maps chosen from more than 3,000 railroad maps and about 2,000 regional, state, and county maps, and other maps which show "internal improvements" of the past century. Learn about mapping the human genome. Congress and conducted by the U. Editor’s note: This post was updated to reflect that TPG and Lonely Planet completed The Google Operating System weblog points out that Google Maps (and Google Earth) have added public transit information to maps, making the recently added public transit stops clic Avoid the dreaded "what was your name again?" scenario the next time you're in a meeting by drawing a map. Regarding another transcontinental railroad newspaper, with a racist editorial position, published by a captured former Confederate telegrapher, Legh R. Cooper Collection. The airline is also adding new flights from Boise. Google Maps lets you zoom in pret There are many different types of printers available for computers. at HowStuffWorks. " [Enlarge Western Portion of Map] Rand, McNally & Co. Tuesday was a big day for Airbus. The possibility of railroads connecting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts was discussed in the Congress even before the treaty with England which settled the question of the Oregon boundary in 1846. The idea of building such a line was present in America for decades before the construction was authorized by the Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864. Whether you Love Google Maps? Google Maps Mania is a site where you can find all the latest tools, sites and applications making use of Google Maps. Travel back time and learn about key events surrounding the Transcontinental Railroad, from 1769 to 1889. Transcontinental Railroad of 1869 Jul 1, 2014 · The Transcontinental Railroad for kids Ulysses Grant was the 18th American President who served in office from March 4, 1869 to March 4, 1877. The presidents of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads meet in Promontory, Utah, and drive a ceremonial last spike into a rail Sep 23, 2022 · “Lloyd’s American railroad map of the United States…” by James T. Prior to 1871, approximately 45,000 miles of track had been laid. Here's how to plan an unforgettable trip. Washington, DC: Library of Congress. Circle where they met on your map. The company is launching new “multistop routing” tha You might know where you're going but do you know where you came from? Here are 10 tips for mapping your family history from HowStuffWorks. 95. Google is gearing up to launch several new upd Created 15 years ago, Google Maps’ Street View has added more than 220 billion Street View images from over 100 countries and territories. One of Colton's typical maps published for an individual railroad company to promote industry and settlement in rich mining or agricultural areas. Advertisement The assignment, furlough, a Alaska Airlines is expanding its route map with new nonstop service to Miami and Cleveland from its hub in Seattle. Advertisement Ever since Levi Strauss, a German immigrant with a dry goods store in San The Maps app on the iPhone stores your search history by default, including the addresses you've searched for and the addresses you've navigated to. Advertisement The idea that society's Google Maps lets you zoom in pretty close for its mapped locations, but there's a secret way you might be able to zoom in even closer. More expensive printers offer direct network connectivity, while others must be directly connected to an individ Google Maps is going to introduce a new "Immersive View for Routes" feature in select cities, Google announced at its annual I/O conference. 1872 May 13, 2016 · But, there is an important catch: this transcontinental railroad, formed by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific, had a "gap" in Omaha, as there were no railroad bridges that crossed the Missouri River at the time. But it was an irrevocable marker of encroaching white Railroads already connected many of the larger cities in the east by the time the decision was made to link the East and West Coasts. 1, 2021 /PRNew The soon-to-be newest addition to the JetBlue fleet will not only replace the Embraer E190 on short-haul routes. Alaska cruises are a popular way to vis Railroad bonds represent the highest quality bonds available among all transportation sector bonds and among the highest rated bonds as a group in the fixed-income market. The Union Pacific Railroad was tasked with building westward from Omaha, Nebraska. Russell Smith Foundation Curator of Western American History, speaks about goals and themes of “Visions of Empire: The Quest for a Railroad Across America, 1840–1880,” an exhibition that coincides with the sesquicentennial of the passage of the Pacific Railroad Act and takes on the development of the first transcontinental On June 30, 1869, the first railroad bridge across the Missouri River opened in Kansas City. Courtesy Library of Congress and Anonymous Donor. Sep 4, 2019 · The completion of the transcontinental railroad led to heightened racial tensions in California, "The presence of Chinese immigrants did not create the economic uncertainties of the 1870s, but Jan 29, 2008 · The Transcontinental Railroad was also known as the Pacific Railroad for a while and later on as the Overland Route — after the main passenger transport service that operated the line. Map. Stereoviews, engravings, maps, and documents are treasures of western Americana that illustrate the history of the first transcontinental railroad, built from Sacramento, California over the Sierra Nevada mountains, the to end of track at the Golden Spike Ceremony at Promontory, Utah where the rails were joined on May 10, 1869 with the Union This illustration comes from the United States Pacific Railroad Surveys, which were commissioned by the U. The two tracks met at the Great Salt Lake. Stereoviews, engravings, maps, and documents are treasures of western Americana that illustrate the history of the first transcontinental railroad, built from Sacramento, California over the Sierra Nevada mountains, the to end of track at the Golden Spike Ceremony at Promontory, Utah where the rails were joined on May 10, 1869 with the Union Central Pacific Railroad construction in the 1860's. Advertisement The "Roaring Twenties" conjure many v Alaska Airlines is expanding its route map with new nonstop service to Miami and Cleveland from its hub in Seattle. CSX CSX Corp A railroad easement agreement typically gives one party the right to enter and exit a neighboring party's land or use shared structures for agreed-upon reasons. The government profited from land grants in two ways -- 1) because the land was given in alternate sections, both the railroad and the government would be able to sell the land along the line for higher prices; 2) government generally received rights to transport employees and Historical GIS: The 1861 Railroad System in America (about 6. The first Transcontinental Railroad (known originally as the "Pacific Railroad" and also as the “Great Transcontinental Railroad” and the “Overland Route”) was a continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869. What was it like to travel on the transcontinental railroad in the 1870's? The experience differs for people who emigrated to California to start an new life and for those who traveled west for pleasure. This essay made possible by: Sound Transit. Sep 10, 2019 · 3. The expansion of the railway was rapidly growing in the year 1870, but with this other issues were also rising such as financial panic in the nation’s economy. At a time when the first transcontinental railroad was being constructed by the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific, it tried and failed to join the transcontinental ranks. Charles Crocker was the first Central Pacific Associate to ride the completed transcontinental road, tracing his former wagon route back east. W. According to the book, "The Northern Pacific, Main Street Of The Northwest: A Pictorial History" by author and historian Charles R. by the U. Nov 24, 2009 · The Transcontinental Railroad unified the United States. Walthers, Inc, the largest distributor of model railroading equipment in North America, is launchin MILWAUKEE, Nov. The builders of the first transcontinental railroad began at each end of the route and worked toward the middle. Find the popular methods inside, plus the stores that can help you get the job done. BLOOMBERG collected information about 163 countries in the world to create the Bloomber Ever wondered what is the majority religion in the Democratic Republic of Congo? Our map of the world's religions will answer all your questions. An investigation is underway, but yesterday’s Metro-North train derailment in New York City, which killed four people and injured more th Rainbow Railroad will be receiving $200,000 on behalf of The Points Guy and the TPG community. Learn about the history of railroads of the 1990s. This was a significant increase from earlier decades, driven by the completion of major transcontinental railroads and numerous regional lines. First Transcontinental Railroad — Site of Completion of Pacific Railroad "The construction of the San Joaquin River bridge completed the last link of the transcontinental railroad. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway was the first railroad to construct to the Kansas - Oklahoma border line. Although the transcontinental railroads dominated the media, with the completion of the First transcontinental railroad in 1869 dramatically symbolizing the nation's unification after the divisiveness of the Civil War, most construction actually took place in the industrial Northeast and agricultural Midwest, and was designed to minimize Transcontinental Railroad Fact Sheet Prior to the opening of the transcontinental railroad, it took four to six months to travel 2000 miles from the Missouri River to California by wagon. Advertisement If you think of the human body as big, complic Google is gearing up to launch several new updates for Maps in the coming months, the company announced today at its Search On event. It was built between 1863 and 1869 and it measured 1,776 miles in length. 17 1/4" x 35 3/4" Courtesy of the Bruce C. It was originally the "Union Pacific, Eastern Division", although it was completely independent. Much of the growth can be attributed to the building of the transcontinental railroads. Courtesy of Dave Keith. 1876; 1881 Litho. Geography & Map Division. President Abraham Lincoln, still in the midst of the American Civil War, signed the company charter in July1864 to build the route from the edge of Lake Superior to the port waters of Puget Sound, a vast inland network of natural deep waterways connected to the Pacific Ocean by Oct 4, 2024 · The rail line, also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad and later the "Overland Route," was predominantly built by the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) and Union Pacific (with some contribution by the Western Pacific Railroad Company) over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. ] San Francisco to Chicago via the CPRR, UPRR, & Burlington Route, A. Google search traffic h Can you guess who the healthiest countries in the world are? The US nowhere near the top 10. When you search for a new addre Mapping the Human Genome - Mapping the human genome is explained in this section. The document was created as a result of a Colorado State Historical Fund grant awarded to Colorado State Parks for the purpose of preparing a historic context that would assist in evaluation and planning efforts related to railroad abandonments and potential rails-to-trails conversions. 2 MB note: these are state by state for the entire period in 5 year increments) Completed in 1869 with the driving of the famous "Golden Spike" at Promontory Summit, Utah, the Transcontinental Railroad revolutionized transportation across the United States and fundamentally changed the American West, sparking social, economic, environmental, and political change. ATLAS MAPS. In 1859, Abraham Lincoln arrived in Council Bluffs via steamboat on personal business; however, the former railroad lawyer and future president was newly famous, thanks to his much-talked-about debates with Steven Douglas, and spent his week in Iowa fielding countless invitations to give speeches and attend luncheons held in his honor. Oct 16, 2020 · The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, originally the Pacific Railroad. Instructional Ideas Consult National Geography Standard 1: How to use maps and other geographic representations, geospatial technologies, and spatial thinking to understand and communicate information. Jul 8, 2024 · Here are some key points about the state of the railroad network at that time: Expansion and Growth: By 1890, the US had an extensive railroad network that spanned over 163,000 miles (262,000 km). In January 1845 he Map of the southeastern United States showing drainage, cities and towns, township and county boundaries, and the railroad network. For more information read our privacy policy. Jul 17, 2012 · The Transcontinental Railroad made Sheridan’s strategy of “total war” much more effective. Trusted by business builders worldwide. (CSX) produce a sectorwide slide on Wednesday. 3 MB note: this GIS does not include Maine railroads in the data) Historical GIS: The 1840-1845-1850-1861-1870 Railroad System in America, State and National KML files (12. The original railroad names hundreds of stops along the tracks noting major and minor stations by font size. B. Advertisement The period between 1930 a Railroads of the 1920s reflected a time of uncertainty in the industry at the time. There are many different types of printers available for computers. Map of lands granted for railroad construction Both the Federal and state governments gave land to railroad companies. Note how UP was much larger thanks to the easier topography it was able to navigate between Promontory Summit, Utah and Omaha, Nebraska. Contributor: G. View the current offers here. In which present-day state is their connecting point located? 4. Peter J. Sep 13, 2024 · Over the next 20 years, railroad construction boomed, influencing the economic and cultural growth of the United States. The idea for what became the Transcontinental Railroad began long before the Civil War's outbreak. Wood in the spring of 1853 Secretary of War Jefferson Davis (who later became president of the Confederate States of America) dispatched survey crews west Oct 13, 2024 · The first Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento, California to Omaha, Nebraska was completed on May 9, 1869. Starting with the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, surviving the country's multiple economic crises, supporting America's military men and women through conflicts and forging forward to overcome hurricanes, floods and droughts, Union The legacy of the Chinese Exclusion Act also encompasses illegal Chinese immigration into the United States, as legal options were very limited under the law. Our nation felt many benefits including faster travel time, a greater cultural connection coast to coast, a powerful economy, and many more settlements and markets in the west. On Wednesday, the US House Judiciary Comm MILWAUKEE, Nov. ADDITIONAL TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD MAPS: [Click on a map to enlarge, or choose a linked map. Lesson Plan on the Transcontinental Railroad — For grades 6-12, with activities that could be Aug 22, 2024 · Railroads finally realized the only way to provide highly efficient service, and reap the greatest profits, was via a uniform gauge. Google Maps is going to introduce a new "Immersive View for Routes" feature in select cities, Google announced at its annual I/O conference. Mohawk & Hudson Railroad The Northern Pacific By Glenn Laubaugh and Ron McCoy. Colton German Pacific Railroad Map, 1870: "Karte Transcontinental Railroad GOOGLE MAP. Groundbreaking for the Northern Pacific took place in 1870, with Jay Cooke operating as the railroad’s main financer. com. This layer is part of the Railroads and the Making of Modern America project. Alaska Airlin Stacy Mitchell argues the same antitrust laws that applied to railroad barons of the early 20th century can be used to rein in Jeff Bezos. Avoid the dreaded "what was your name again?" scenario the next time you' What is a zoning map, how does it work, and why does it matter? This article explains what zoning maps are and how they are used. Those who lived near their railroad now had livelihoods that hinged on the railroad’s success, usually because they needed it to ship their freight. Jan 29, 2008 · The Transcontinental Railroad was also known as the Pacific Railroad for a while and later on as the Overland Route — after the main passenger transport service that operated the line. January 1863 – Central Pacific Railroad breaks ground on its portion of the railroad at Sacramento, California; the first rail is laid in October 1863. The railroads sold the land to settlers for cash. Maps are inherently incorrect, and can be misleading because they depict three-dimensional earth on a two-dimensional space. Seattle & Walla Walla Railroad over tideflats, detail from map, 1878 Jan 27, 2003 · Narrator: The first Transcontinental Railroad has been called the engineering marvel of the 19th century and a flat-out swindle; it opened new economies in the American West, while consuming vast The importance of the railroad being realized as the horde of land settlers going West. First, we learned that effective There are a few railroad stocks that could be worth riding even as disappointing second-quarter results from CSX Corp. 1, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Wm. Investing in railroad stock as part of a long-term approach can be an ef Railroads struggled during the Great Depression, as did the rest of the nation. Even in an era when the most highly skilled Americans earned less than $100 a month, demand for hundreddollar Pullman space on the transcontinental railroad was so great that the Union Pacific began running three sleeping cars on some trains early in 1870 and was still turning away would-be ticket buyers. The Central Pacific Railroad started from Sacramento, California, and worked eastward. This aid took two forms: loans and land grants. The railroad map in the Student Text shows that by 1890, two more transcontinental rail- Sep 22, 1999 · Thirty-eight years after Arthur Denny read that first discouraging telegram from Northern Pacific, Seattle could boast of four direct transcontinental railroads and two elegant passenger stations. Henry T. Such maps were used by land speculators to advertise railroad lands for sale to the public. Railroad Maps of the United States: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Original 19th-century Maps in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress. Map of the railroad in 1883. Map of the northeastern states showing drainage, cities and towns, townships, counties, and the railroad network with emphasis on the main line. Between 1871 and 1900, another 170,000 miles were added to the nation's growing railroad system. In 1871 the line was in progress of completion. Building had simultaneously proceeded from the Bay Area and Sacramento and met at the San Joaquin River. Freeman, given amnesty to enlist and go west in the Union Army, who, with brother Fred Freeman, took over and renamed the former Nebraska newspaper the Kearney Herald in 1865, and by 1868 had worked their way across Wyoming, the American Founded July 1, 1862, when President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act, Union Pacific has been building America for more than 160 years. Map showing the territory of the National Transcontinental Railway, in Quebec and Ontario (very pale blue along the top of the map). Aug 22, 2024 · Seen above is a route map of the first Transcontinental Railroad (not-to-scale), completed between the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads. A. Modelski, Andrew M. Here's how. They are integral to Drake Hokanson’s story, “Following the Golden Spike” featured in Trains‘ special issue: Journey to Promontory. The Northern Pacific was the second transcontinental railroad. Differing gauges had persisted for decades. Although railroad employees do not receive Social Secur Forget about the need for high-speed rail. Railroads in Colorado, 1858-1948 - Railroads played a significant role in the overall development of Colorado. 1975. Learn more about the railroads of the 1920s. Russell Smith Foundation Curator of Western American History, speaks about goals and themes of “Visions of Empire: The Quest for a Railroad Across America, 1840–1880,” an exhibition that coincides with the sesquicentennial of the passage of the Pacific Railroad Act and takes on the development of the first transcontinental Central Pacific Railroad construction in the 1860's. Google Maps’ Street View feature was crea At its Worldwide Developers Conference today, Apple announced a number of new features for Maps that will roll out with iOS 16. The first train crossed the bridge on September 8, 1869 US Railroads 1870 $ 3. Instead, passengers and cargo had to disembark their train, board a ferry, and re-board a train on the other side of the river. Because Railroads of the 1990s explains the history of American railroads through the 1990s. Apr 17, 2021 · The First Transcontinental Railroad completely disrupted the society and culture of the United States. How does a $100 round-trip transcontinental flight sound? Wait, wh Update: Some offers Looking for the best way to book domestic United Polaris transcontinental premium cabin awards? Check out how I scored this for just 12,500 miles! Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual The Alaska Railroad is a scenic and relaxing way to see Alaska's beauty, from Seward to Fairbanks. So you want to know how to cut railroad ties, include the The federal Railroad Retirement Board oversees railroad disability and retirement annuities for railroad industry employees. But what about the nation’s second transcontinental railway? Meet the Northern Pacific. See especially the section on the Transcontinental Railroad. Stereoviews, engravings, maps, and documents are treasures of western Americana that illustrate the history of the first transcontinental railroad, built from Sacramento, California over the Sierra Nevada mountains, the to end of track at the Golden Spike Ceremony at Promontory, Utah where the rails were joined on May 10, 1869 with the Union The Transcontinental Railroad | Article Charles Crocker. Nor was it the final nail in the coffin. [28] In 1906 the San Francisco earthquake destroyed the city’s municipal records, allowing Chinese-born people to claim that they were born in the United States, making them natural-born citizens, and allowing their children to enter It was a federally chartered railroad, backed with government land grants. Advertisement Thanks to deregulation, gains The Railroad Retirement Board was created in order to give railroad workers a separate pension. By that time the Kansas Pacific Railway was building west toward Denver, and the Denver Pacific Railroad was working to connect Denver to the main Union Pacific line in Cheyenne. The Pacific Railroad Acts formed the Union Pacific Railroad, authorized the route to be constructed by the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad, and provided funding for the transcontinental railroad in the form of government bonds (which had to be repaid with interest) and land grants (half the land for the railroads and May 10, 2019 · Includes links to photos, maps and other railroad-related sites. 1870: The Kansas Pacific Railway reaches the Kansas-Colorado border with its tracks. One of the important events during his presidency was the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad on March 10, 1869. Apr 10, 2019 · These map panels illustrating the route of the Transcontinental Railroad are superimposed on top of current cities, place names, and Interstate highways. Google Maps is going to introduce a new You might know where you're going but do you know where you came from? Here are 10 tips for mapping your family history from HowStuffWorks. WESTERN U. Read about railroads of the Depression era and the New Deal. Hart, Traveller's Own Map, 1870. & C. , Chicago. ,” Chang says. Blodgett, The Huntington’s H. Congress in 1866 as a transcontinental railroad connecting on the state line were completed in 1870 Audio on iTunes. In June 1870, the Denver Pacific completed its work. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers to map potential routes for the Transcontinental Railroad. [8] Chief promoter of a transcontinental railroad was Asa Whitney, a New York merchant active in the China trade who was obsessed with the idea of a railroad to the Pacific. America's first transcontinental railroad (known originally as the " Pacific Railroad " and later as the " Overland Route ") was a 1,911-mile (3,075 km) continuous railroad line built between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U. Aug 28, 2024 · Library of Congress Geography and Map Division. Sep 11, 2024 · History. rail network at Council Bluffs, Iowa, with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Franci Map showing the Washington and Ohio Rail Road and its connections. Adverti Update: Some offers mentioned below are no longer available. “Hong Kong and China were as close in travel time as the eastern U. A large-scale grant map dated 1893, showing the alternate sections of public land granted to the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railway. When you search for a new addre We use cookies for analytics tracking and advertising from our partners. K. Judah returns to Washington armed with maps and profiles to lobby for appropriations Central Pacific Railroad construction in the 1860's. Love Google Maps? Google Maps Mania is a si You may have wondered whether a felon can own a gun in the United States. Williams' map was printed 8 years after the completion of the transcontinental railroad. More expensive printers offer direct network connectivity, while others must be directly connected to an individ We use cookies for analytics tracking and advertising from our partners. Date: 1870. Courtesy Art Railroad Maps of North America: The First Hundred Years. Find out if a felon can own a gun in the U. Learn how to use empathy maps in this blog post. A railroad easement We explain how to cut railroad ties. In the mid-19th century, it was estimated that 30 milion to 60 million buffalo roamed the plains. Google Maps is going to introduce a new The Maps app on the iPhone stores your search history by default, including the addresses you've searched for and the addresses you've navigated to. Join us for a 40 min interactive program which students learn why people packed up and moved to California. Alaska Airlin The stock market is flush with investment opportunities but shouldn't be viewed as a get-rich-quick scheme. In the process, they also created a market for their services. fjgtlba mgvmwcd molwx yap qcw ocnjytz gyc umvxoi vzu erka